Sahir: The Poet Magician of Ludhiana
By Dr Mohammad Taqi
Florida
The birthday of Sahir Ludhianvi, one of the foremost Urdu progressive poets of the 20th century, went largely unnoticed last weekend. Up until a few years ago when that indefatigable chronicler of the subcontinent’s progressive movement, Hamid Akhtar, was still alive, one would see a piece or two from him remembering his compadre Sahir.
While the songs he wrote for films pop up on the social radar frequently, Sahir’s life and literary contributions seem to be slowly slipping away from memory. I recall that as late as the 1980s, Sahir’s first collection, Talkhiyan (rancor) was essential reading in leftist study groups. Anyone initiated in Marxist circles would almost certainly come across Sahir’s famous lines written at the execution of the Congolese independence leader and socialist icon, Patrice Lumumba:
“Zulmphirzulm hai, barrhta hai to mitjata hai
Khoonphirkhoon hai, tapkayga to jam jaiyga”
(Repression is but repression, it can grow but it will not last
Blood is still blood, it spills, but repression it shall outlast).
Undivided Punjab’s greater Ludhiana area has given Urdu the three greats: Sher Muhammad Khan, Akhtar Ali and Abdul Hai, who became known by their pennames Ibne Insha, Hameed Akhtar and Sahir Ludhianvi, respectively. Abdul Hai was born on March 8, 1921 in the city of Ludhiana to a feudal, Chaudhry Fazal Mohammed, and one of his several wives, Sardar Begum. Sahir’s parents had an acrimonious divorce in which he sided with his mother and testified in the court against his quite brutal father. His mother raised him in abject poverty. Sahir went to the Malva Khalsa School and then the Government College at Ludhiana where he gravitated towards student politics and joined the All India Students Federation, which was allied with the Communist Party of India (CPI). Sahir became the president of the student union at the Government College and a progressive poet almost simultaneously. By most accounts he was eased out of the college for his defiance against visiting British dignitaries but the precipitating event perhaps was his fling with a girl on which the college officials frowned. Subsequently, he moved to Lahore circa 1943 along with his mother, where he was also joined by his comrade, Hameed Akhtar. He continued with the cycle of his student political activism and ensuing expulsion at Dayal Singh College, and then the Islamia College, Lahore.
It was, however, in the same fateful year that his first poetry collection, Talkhiyan, was published by the progressive outlet Preet-Larri. The short collection, most of it written during his college days, catapulted Sahir into the top tier of Indian Urdu writers at the age of 22. The leftist Progressive Writers Association (PWA) welcomed him as one of their equals and as a poet after which there was no looking back for Sahir. He distinguished himself from other revolutionary poets like Faiz Ahmed Faiz and Josh Malihabadi under whose influence he had initially labored, and Allama Iqbal, from whose poem he had apparently adopted his takhallus (nom de plume), Sahir (the magician). On the eve of 1947, Sahir was in Bombay participating in PWA and CPI activities as well as making a rather lackadaisical entry into song writing for what is now called Bollywood. As India was divided he, worried sick about his mother, dashed back via Ludhiana to Lahore. He joined the editorial staff of the leftist literary journal Savera (dawn), which quickly earned him the ire of Pakistani officials who ordered his arrest. Without telling even his buddy Hameed Akhtar and the Communist Party of Pakistan’s (CPP’s) secretary general, Sajjad Zahir, Sahir took off for New Delhi in 1949 and, after a brief sojourn there, ended up in Bombay. Hameed Akhtar said that Sahir’s concern was not just an arrest but also his rather prophetic assessment that Pakistan would end up being ruled by the “mullah and jagirdar” (clergy and the feudal).
Sahir had to toil without much luck for a good two years before the celebrated musician Sachin Dev ‘SD’ Burman gave him a break. Sahir wrote the song Thandi Hawaain, Lehra Kay Aain extempore to Burman’s tune and virtually never looked back after that. Sahir’s pairing with SD Burman under the cinematic prodigy Guru Dutt produced one after another super hit scores. He wrote hundreds of songs for dozens of Bollywood movies without once compromising on poetic quality. He set not only the literary but also the intellectual and philosophical benchmark so high that hardly any of his peers could match it. Rebellion remains the leitmotif of Sahir’s film and non-film poetry, which moves from the elation of romance and revolution to resentment and resignation and, at times, despair. Nowhere is this panoply of thought and emotion expressed better than the 1958 film Pyaasa, which Guru Dutt directed and also performed the lead role in after Dilip Kumar turned it down.
Pyaasa, ranked fifth among Time magazine’s top romantic movies of all time, is unmistakably an imprint of Sahir’s life and work. Sahir updated his massively popular poem Chaklay (brothels) from Talkhiyan for Pyaasa by changing the refrain from “Sanakhwan-e-taqdees-e-mashriqkahanhein” (where are those who sing paeans to the east’s sanctity) to “jinheinnaaz hai Hind pewohkahanhein” (where are those who boast about India) to inflict a massively bitter reality check in post-independence India. The film culminates with Guru Dutt’s signature performance that brings to life not just Sahir’s words but also his deep-seated resentment against oppression and a certain resignation to his fate with the crescendo:
“Jala do isay, phoonkdaloyehdunya
meraysamnay se hata lo yehdunya
tumhari hai, tum hi sanbhaloyehdunya
yehdunya agar mil bhijaiy to kiya hai?”
(Torch this world, to ashes blow this world
Remove it, I do not wish to see this world
This is your world; I will let you handle this world
For even if I get it, what worth is this world?).
From the Lenin Peace Prize to Filmfare Awards to the Padma Shri, all have acknowledged Sahir’s socio-political struggle and his poetic genius but he summed up his colossal contribution as:
“Ruja’t-pasandhoonkehtarraqi-pasandhoon
issbehskofuzool o abusjantahoonmein ...
taaronkianjuman se mujhaynaheen
insaniyatpeashkbahata raha hoonmein
dunya ne tajarbaat o hawadiskishaklmein
jokuchhmujheydiya hay, wohlauta raha hoonmein”
(Am I a reactionary or am I a progressive?
This debate to me is so retrogressive
I have nothing to do with the assembly of stars
Tears I shed are for mankind’s scars
What the world gave me as trial and experiment
I have returned thus with a compliment).
(The writer can be reached at mazdaki@me.com and he tweets @mazdaki)
