The savage beheadings and disgusting treatment of women and minorities confirm in the minds of many that Islam is incompatible with Western civilization. This has become a widely known, and even unthinkingly accepted, proposition. But is it correct? - Photo IslamiCity

 

Some Right-Wing Europeans Say Islam Hasn't Contributed to Western Culture. Here's Why They're Wrong
By Dr Akbar Ahmed
American University
Washington, DC

One of the right-wing tropes about Islam in Europe, which is making alarming inroads into the mainstream, is that it represents a " culture of backwardness, of retardedness, of barbarism " and has made no contribution to Western civilization.

Islam provides an easy target considering that  some 3,000  or more Europeans are estimated to have left at one time for the Middle East in order to fight alongside the Islamic State. The savage beheadings and disgusting treatment of women and minorities confirm in the minds of many that Islam is incompatible with Western civilization. This has become a widely known, and even unthinkingly accepted, proposition. But is it correct?

Let us look at European history for answers. At least 10 things will surprise you:

• Contrary to common belief, Muslims did not first arrive in Europe with the intention of conquering it.

Intricate tile and mosaics decorate a room in the Nasrid Palaces at the Alhambra in Granada, Spain - Sean Gallup/Getty Images

A small military contingent landed on the southern coast of Spain in 711 in response to the pleadings of the Jewish community, which faced harsh persecution under the Visigoth rulers. The arrival of the Muslims and their victory prevented what New York University Professor David Levering Lewis terms  "the final solution."  Christian leaders like Count Julian, whose daughter had been dishonored at court, had also been requesting Muslim intervention. It is precisely this reason, the support of large sections of local society, that allowed the Muslims to so easily establish their domination over Al-Andalus.

2.  By describing Muslims as "backward", "retarded" and "barbaric," it is suggested that they are not capable of balancing their religion with rational thought. Yet Muslims had already attained a balance between the two positions centuries before other European societies.

Monument of Averroës, Manolo Blanco/Flickr

The debate between faith and reason that had been agitating Muslim philosophers and had begun since the birth of Islam and its first encounters with Greek philosophy found one of its most sophisticated votaries in Ibn Rushd, or Averroës, in 12th century Andalusia. Averroës' translations and commentaries on Aristotle and Plato so influenced scholars like Thomas Aquinas that he and others across Europe, assuming his name needed no elaboration,  referred to Ibn Rushd simply as "The Commentator."

• The  first man ever to fly was the scholar Ibn Firnas  near Cordoba in the 9th century.

The Ibn Firnas bridge - Landahlauts/Flickr

An inventor, engineer and poet, he is credited for designing a  water-clock,  manufacturing colorless glass and making magnifying corrective lenses  or "reading stones." One of the main bridges of Cordoba -- constructed in the form of gigantic wings -- is named in honor of his flight, as is an  airport  in Baghdad and  a crater on the moon .

• Cordoba, in Andalusia, was the most populous and glittering city of Europe in the 10th century.

Circa 1955: In the old Moorish quarter of Cordoba, the cathedral is visible at the end of a cobbled street - Three Lions/Getty Images

Its streets were lit and there were baths, gardens, and libraries everywhere. The main library was  estimated to have 400,000 books when the largest library in Europe, in Switzerland, had 800 volumes.  Visitors came from all over the continent to marvel at Andalusian civilization, and a nun in Saxony called  Hroswitha described  it as ''the ornament of the world.''

• Islam is frequently accused of being intolerant and rejecting harmony with other cultures and religions. Yet Muslim Spain or Andalusian civilization offers one of the most shining examples of harmony, peace and prosperity between different religions in the history of Europe .

People pray during an interreligious prayer outside the great mosque in Cordoba - Jose Luis Roca/AFP/Getty Images.

At one point the capacity of people of different faiths to live and work together in Andalusia was illustrated by its ruler Abd Al-Rahman III in the 10th century.  His chief minister was Jewish  and  his ambassador to the Holy Roman Emperor Otto I  was the Catholic Bishop Racemundo. The Spanish term  La Convivencia or Coexistence describes that time in Al-Andalus.

Harmony at the political level engendered creativity and prosperity. Others saw it differently. Muslim tribes fresh from the deserts and mountains of North Africa looked on Andalusian society as decadent and corrupt. They  destroyed Madina-at-Zahra , the beautiful royal town built in the hills near Cordoba considered the gem of Andalusian architecture. Scholars like the great Rabbi Maimonides and Averroës were forced into exile from their beloved Cordoba.

6.  Two of the greatest novels of Western literature directly or indirectly bear the mark of Islamic culture. "Don Quixote" and "Robinson Crusoe" were selected by experts and critics as the number one and three respectively on the  Guardian's   list  of "The 100 Greatest Novels of All Time."

Earle Havens, acting keeper of Rare Books and Manuscripts of Boston Public Library, holds an 1824 children's chapbook of "Robinson Crusoe" - AP Photo/Chitose Suzuki

In the first, Cervantes began his novel by  disclosing , with tongue in cheek, that it was a manuscript written by an Arab called Cide Hamete Benengeli or Sir Hamid Aubergine. The theme and structure of the 12th century novel "Hayy ibn Yaqdhan" (English translations were published from a Latin version in 1686 and the original Arabic in 1708) by the Andalusian philosopher Ibn Tufail about a man stranded on an desert island with a companion, no female company and engaged in  raising philosophical questions about the nature of society, foreshadowed  Daniel Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" (first published in 1719). In fact, the influence of "Hayy ibn Yaqdhan" on Europe was  so great  it "could be considered one of the most important books that heralded the Scientific Revolution."

7.  Two of the most celebrated European rulers, Roger II, the king of Sicily, and Frederick II, the holy Roman emperor,  were so influenced by Islamic culture  that they spoke Arabic,  had Muslim bodyguards  and  inscriptions in Arabic were written  on their royal ceremonial mantle, which  was worn  by the holy Roman emperors at their coronations until the late 18th century.

Circa 1230, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II (1194 - 1250) of Germany - Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images

Roger used Islamic designs and calligraphy to decorate his greatest project,  the Palatine chapel  in Palermo, which can be seen today. Frederick II admired Averroës so much that  he sent  translations of Averroës' work to European universities so that they could be studied and taught. Frederick II illustrated how a spectacular geopolitical victory can be gained without warfare and bloodshed when he was  handed over Jerusalem peacefully  during the Sixth Crusade by the sultan of Egypt due to the mutual respect they had for one another. In the case of Roger and Frederick, we see the Andalusian  La Convivencia in reverse: Christian rulers accepting and appreciating their Jewish and Muslim subjects.

8.  Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, considered the greatest of poets in the German language, wrote a  powerful poem  dedicated to the prophet of Islam.

The memorial of revered German poets Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, and Friedrich Schiller, right, is seen in Weimar - AP Photo/Jens Meyer

He made the enigmatic comment that expressed his admiration for Islam:  "In Islam, we all live and die."

9.  Napoleon in Egypt  wore Arab dress ,  emphasized his respect for Islam  and  declared that he  and the French  were Muslim.

An 1879 portrait of Queen Victoria - AP Photo

Queen Victoria called her personal assistant,  Muhamma Abdul Karim , an Indian Muslim, her  munshi, a term meaning teacher. Abdul Karim was so close to her that the relationship roused the envy of the royal household. The last German emperor, Kaiser Wilhelm II,  prided himself on the title "Hajji," and declared he would be the protector of the world's Muslims  against European imperialism.

10.  More European women than men are converting to Islam  in spite of the widespread antagonism to the religion.

German teacher Doris Graber converted to Islam - Michael Latz/AFP/Getty Images

Despite the perceived mistreatment of women in Muslim communities and the rising tide of aggressive secularism, they are finding solace and peace in Islam.

* * * Today, too, Muslims are also making an impact -- and it is not all about the violence of the Islamic State and the thousands who have left to join them.  Thirteen Muslim members of parliament were elected  in an election in the UK. Eight of them were women. Muslims are currently  serving as government ministers  in the UK There has been  a captain  with a Muslim background of the English cricket team, and there are many  Muslims in the top European football clubs and on European national teams.  Malala Yousafzai, who is originally from Pakistan, won the Nobel Peace Prize and now lives in the UK. She is an internationally known activist for female education, challenging Boko Haram for its attitude towards girls and pleading with the United Nations for more support for women.

In the discussions of Islam that focus on acts of Muslim violence, such as those associated with the Islamic State, and provide fuel against Muslim immigrants from Africa and Asia, it is often overlooked that there are millions of indigenous Europeans such as  Bosniaks , Albanians and  Pomaks  who are also Muslims. These indigenous Muslims form the majority population in  Albania , Kosovo and Bosnia-Herzegovina. Europe, therefore, has its own native population, which happens to be Muslim. These Balkan Muslims, like other Europeans, are committed to democracy, prosperity, education and the ability to live with people of different cultures and religions.

As the debate around Islam continues to create controversy, anger and even violence, the "surprises" presented here may help to put the nature of Islamic civilization in its proper context. These are facts that would benefit not only non-Muslims but also Muslims. The critics of Islam, as much as those who advocate violence on its behalf need to appreciate the cultural and intellectual sophistication of Muslim civilization when it was widely acknowledged as the most advanced in Europe. The destruction of the ancient history of the Middle East,  such as at Nimrud , and  attacks on minorities  are emblematic of their character. It is also an explicit rejection of the rich Muslim civilization that gloried in cultural, intellectual and philosophic sophistication. Muslims had achieved that reputation for a period of time because society offered its individuals, regardless of religion or race, the possibility of pursuing knowledge and working together to produce peace and prosperity.

I am not advocating a return to the past for a moment. I am merely suggesting that there are lessons in history for us, if only we are prepared to think about and learn from them. 

(Akbar Ahmed is Distinguished Professor and   the Ibn Khaldun Chair of Islamic Studies, School of International Service, American University, Washington DC. He is a  Wilson Center Global Fellow.  He was the former Pakistan High Commissioner to the UK and Ireland.)