Page 21 - Pakistan Link - November 19, 2021

COMMENTARY NOVEMBER 19, 2021 – PAKISTAN LINK – P21

n By Nasim Yousaf Allama Mashriqi & the Khilafat Movement as the permanent custodian of Khilafat instead
u
s
t c
s
o
di
h
t
a
n
er
m
ad
t
e p
en
e
fa
t in
f K
hi
a
l
n o
s t
a
a
g t
u
l r
a
hi
e
s s
u
s in a
u
ler
n in
di
a
t
id
t
. Th
v
es
f v
in
t
o
Washington, DC of vesting this status in an individual ruler. The
Motamar, he said, should hold annual sessions
M o t a m a r , h e s a id , s h o u ld h o ld a nn u a l s es sio n s
s
v
u
y o
i
t
t
t
t
lifa
a
H
r
t
n o
io
t ci
er
.
n
t
For centuries, the institution of the khalifa in every important city of the Muslim world. His
in
M
ur
u
r cen
o
w
s
lim
e in
r
f
ld
e
h
o
ies, t
e
t
h
s
p
h
im
y
i
o
f t
h
e k
a
b
t
os
a
l h
ra
l-
d p
o es
d
i
un
a
e
ad o
a
s a
h
o
en
r
e t
o
(caliph), the temporal head of Muslims around t third proposal was to establish Central Bait-ul-
ra
(c
h), t
t
r
p
s
li
li
o
hir
p
l B
em
p
h C
s t
f M
lim
l wa
a
t-u
s
u
s
ld
a
m
s a
t
e w
n im
t
the world, was seen as an important symbol of Is- - M aa l [C en t ra l T r e a s ur y] t o b e o p era t e d b y t h e
Maal [Central Treasury] to be operated by the
f I
e
l o
t sy
s s
, wa
n
b
en a
o
o
r
o
h
r
p
a
o
, a
p
er
m
t
ir
h
w
l lamic unity. However, after the Ottoman Empire M o t a m a r . C o n t r i b u t io n s t o t hi s s h o u ld co m e
n Em
t
v
Motamar. Contributions to this should come
e
. H
ft
mic uni
t
er t
a
e
o
y
e O
h
id
n
d p
s
u
o
e A
er
v
l
wa
d in
was defeated by the Allied pow- - from every Muslim ruler and individual Mus- -
di
f
s def
l M
e
s
u
v
o
lim r
e
m e
u
t
u
ler a
y t
a
a
r
d b
w
y M
lie
r
s
o
in
e
t
Fir
W
,
s
er
ers in the First World War, Mus- - lim s… ” H i s f o ur t h “ p r o p os a l wa s a de c l a ra t io n
t
s
ld
r
W
h
M
a
lims…” His fourth “proposal was a declaration
u
t h
h
a
h
t
h
r
e M
e o
o
r
lega
d t
o t
ac
ie
h de
h
o
t t
lims worried that the office of f b by each delegate to the Motamar that he did not
lim
r t
e t
a
ffice o
t
a
y e
m
s w
a
e did n
o
t
e
lo
ld
u
f t
b
o
t o
e
ur
t wa
n
c
b
d
w
e
s
k
h
s b
t the khalifa would be dismantled. . belong to any sect of the Muslims but was a pure
lim
u
u
e M
h
lifa
s a p
h
a
y s
sm
t
le
di
e
a
n
n
o a
g t
e
u
T o p r e v en t t hi s f r o m o cc ur r in g , a and simple Muslim, to show equal respect to all l
p
To prevent this from occurring,
le M
s
q
n
o s
l r
w e
e
es
l
h
t t
c
o
d sim
p
o a
lim, t
a
u
o
t
e
t n
u
a
the Muslims of India launched u ulema, soofia, mashaikh, and imams, but not to
o
n
d im
h
a
e M
o
o
h
d
n
a
m
s o
a
i
un
u
h
lem
c
a, m
s
h, a
s, b
lim
s
a l
t t
a, s
f I
k
fi
di
t the Khilafat Movement, which m a k e t h em ido l s. ”
en
make them idols.”
em
hic
h
v
o
t M
t, w
e K
h
hi
fa
a
l
M
n
i
[fir
q
r
a
a
co
t
a
e
ni
a
c
sm
e
ran from approximately 1919-1924. For Allama
d
hr
s
iqi
sider
s
ra n f r o m a p p r o xim a t e l y 1919-1924. F o r A l l a m a Mashriqi considered sectarianism [firqa
di] a de
n
u
n f
ra
i
o
M a s hr iqi , w h o w o u ld g o o n t o b e co m e o n e o f b bundi] a deadly poison for Muslims: “[Trans- -
Mashriqi, who would go on to become one of
y p
l
o
s
un
s
lim
s
r M
s: “[T
o
ad
io
’
o
a
r o
l
a
t
t p
t
r
l do
S South Asia’s most prominent freedom fighters, lation] The reason for our national downfall is
s
si
n
h A
f
o
e
n
o
h
en
w
t f
t
n
do
os
t
a
r
a
l
r
n] Th
er
o
u
e
ur
l i
min
io
e
m fig
s m
nfa
a
e
s,
s
r
s a
d o
p
n
a
o
e
y i
y r
s
e l
d
e K
n im
t a
t
a
s
a
i
i
n
u
a
r
s t
n
n, b
t
l
sm, a
io
o
t
em
h
u
ni
t wa
t
h
t in
c
a
e
n
h
d t
t
the Khalifat was an important institution, but t s sectarianism, and the last and only remedy is to
lifa
t
t, ra
len
nf
a
had become impotent and irrelevant. Mashriqi
ga
h ad b e co m e im p o t en t a n d ir r e le va n t. M a s hr iqi r remain silent, rather than engaging in confronta- -
t
a
h
n en
n
a
in si
em
r
o
t
h
er t
g
in
g in co
o
a
t in hi
s a
e
v
n
h
en
n
s m
h
e
o
o
hi
e
h
y t
m
seized this moment in history to demonstrate the t tions and arguments.” He believed that without
ts.
r
o
” H
t
i
t w
o dem
e b
s
t
io
s
eize
d t
n
s
ra
d a
t
d t
e t
t
gum
u
r
lie
t
en
in
vu
u
t
h
t t
vulnerability of the British, point the Muslims in a p r o p er inf ra s t r uc t ur e t h a t co nn e c t e d M u s lim s
i
h, p
s
s
t
i
i
a proper infrastructure that connected Muslims
lim
o
ln
f t
era
r
b
y o
h
e B
li
e M
s in
di
io
a new direction, and help bring about India’s in- - of the world to the institution of the Khilafat, the
f t
n o
t
io
i
g a
a
e
f t
t
t
o t
l
u
n, a
h
n
r
in
ld t
s
r
c
o
’
a n
b
t, t
h
e
t
a
o
t I
d h
h
w dir
l
u
p b
e K
fa
n
e
e w
e in
s in
h
e
o
hi
Khalifa would be ineffective. Mashriqi also sug-
dep en den ce f r o m B r i t i s h r u le . K h a lifa w o u ld b e in eff e c t i v e . M a s hr iqi a l s o s ug -
dependence from British rule.
h
h
t M
l
A
e t
e t
a
h
e A
ces w
o
a
ur
u
e de
o
t
e
At the time that the Allied forces were fight- - g gested that the current Motamar should be de- -
h
t
t t
r
ld b
t t
h
r
en
e fig
lie
er
r s
d t
im
d f
e c
es
h
m
o
a
t t
h
a
t
a
e
o
e
in a historic speech arguing against the appoint-
e
t h
h
s
ing to defeat the Ottoman Empire, Mashriqi was
ffice
in g t o def e a t t h e O t t o m a n Em p ir e , M a s hr iqi wa s make matters worse, Afghanistan did not have in a hi s t o r ic s p e e c h a r guin g a ga in s t t h e a p p o in t - c clared permanent and its ceremonial head office, ,
em
ts cer
a
er
a
t
ad o
fg
er
a
k
s
a
d p
l
o
, A
d i
ni
n
s w
v
e m
n
t
en
a
ni
n did n
o
t a
t
e
m
m
r
r
a
l h
a
s
n
p o
h
s
o
h
ur
t
ci
k
e inf
t
y
e le
w K
ces t
n
e a
hi
h
o
k
t o
m, s
uc
a
g in fl
s
ader
p
in
f a n
ra
t A
un
d fin
ld
e
t
h
der t
a
uen
es
ur
f S
u
h
l r
a
u
a
m
ra
en
e
l
o
h
w o r k in g a s U n der S e cr et a r y o f E d uc a t io n f o r t h e the infrastructure and financial resources to ment of a new Khalifa. Speaking in fluent Ara- - under the leadership of Shaykhul-Islam, should
lifa. S
a
a
r
working as Under Secretary of Education for the
l-I
u
b
g
d
a
h
a
s a r
a
a
s
es
e
a A
t
e mig
a
n] I
ra
n
e J
s
den o
m
f s
e
h
ts. A
hin
d a
G o v er nm en t o f B r i t i s h I n di a in t h e S e cr et a r i a t o f b bear the burden of these migrants. As a result, bic, Mashriqi stated, “[translation] If something be based at the Jamia Al-Azhar. .
et
l
h
o
l-Azh
mi
e b
hr
s
n
b
t
es
t t
a
, “[t
a
e
r t
io
l
t,
e b
f t
ur
iqi s
Government of British India in the Secretariat of
ic, M
r
t
ra
en
h
f I
hr
er a
en
t the Viceroy of India (Lord Chelmsford). When food, medical facilities, lodging, and other ar- - has more benefits/qualities than inconsequential l After presenting his proposals, Mashriqi
e
h
l
t
a
lm
V
p
e b
a (L
f
icer
t
r
l faci
h
h
o
ft
, a
o
n
o
r
n in
, m
di
e
i
g hi
d C
iqi
t
y
r
g
u
d o
s
n
o
ts/q
e
er p
d). W
uen
q
li
n
s m
e
r
a
dg
sf
os
in
dic
o
s
t
A
o
o
en
ies, lo
in
r
ies t
h
a
s, M
co
s p
efi
li
o
a
t
es
d
a
a
h
r
a
t
es, i
li
s
u
b
n
u
t
t
lim
the Ottomans were defeated in 1918, Muslims ra n g em en ts w er e f o un d n o n-exi s t en t. Th e p o o r a attributes, it is unlikely that somebody [mean- - ga v e hi s r e a s o n s in o p p osi t io n t o t h e a p p o in t -
t
o
l
e
y t
k
h
t
O
er
a
i
t
1918, M
e
s
r
in
d
h
y [m
def
a
s un
t i
b
o
m
w
e
gave his reasons in opposition to the appoint-
d
e
t s
e
e
e
a
m
a
rangements were found non-existent. The poor
s
t
o
n
s i
un
a
e
d t
.
lifa. C
r
n
r
” T
t
ld w
m
t o
o
d
f a n
e w
a
ld t
udin
ur
,
around the world were extremely distressed. In mig ra n ts w er e sic k, s t a r v in g , a n d facin g ext r em e ing Turks] would toss it [Caliphate] away.” To ment of a new Khalifa. Concluding, he e s said, ,
a
u
e
r
y
wa
em
er
li
g
y di
h
t
h
r
o
en
s
migrants were sick, starving, and facing extreme
s
e
l
l
a
e ext
o
h
os
in
t [C
a
ks] w
o
. I
h
p
id
w K
o
g T
n
es
e] a
c
h
lut
g
a
h
t
n
s
t
m
e
e
t
p;
l
n
di
ue
g
M
h
u
r
die
io
d
t
en! I
hic
t
a
t y
i
ci
t
a
nfa
n
o
o
w
t
O
w
a
o
m
e
s
h
k
iqi
l
es
t
r
G
e
a,
o
a
i
o
n
n
“
l
s
ug
o
in
en
a
d
p
a
r
y l
fin
,
t
h
n
d
n
l
t
b
u
ac
r
a
t
y
a
hi
o
m
o
o
do
hr
lem
t
r
I India, the Ottoman downfall brought great re- - financial hardship; many died due to lack of f Mashriqi, holding on to an institution which had “Gentlemen! I present you my last resolution
ad
on
s
r
s
ldin
h
en
m
d
b
t
o
e
a
t, “
s
fici
s
v
dic
ce
u
a
m
h
t
n
en
e wa
n
in
e
p
i
a
s
p
sentment against the British rulers. Since he was medical assistance. . become impotent, “superficial,” and one that a and invite you to approve with one voice [all to- -
e t
er
n
a
s
n
co
l
si
e im
l a
e
” a
,
t
s
t
d o
in
u
v
s
u
v
p
s
r
t
ga
l
a
i
h
h
[a
e
e
r
t
o
h r
s. S
ice
t a
ce h
en
l
o
o
o
i
t
en
in
o
t t
ler
t
e B
n
w
p
i
o
y
m
t
o
t t
f e
ts in n
l
j
a hig h o ffici a l o f t h e G o v er nm en t o f B r i t i s h I n di a, M a s hr iqi f e l t t h a t t h e M o v em en t c a m e “only exists in name” was meaningless. He also g gether/jointly] that the subject of electing the Ca- -
s m
nin
s
a
e
o
h
n
y exi
e
et
a high official of the Government of British India,
b
er/j
y] t
t
Mashriqi felt that the Movement came
u
a
e a
o
c
h
e C
t
m
in
t o
a
e s
s. H
in
l
h
e
s
“
a
g
le
h
g t
l
” wa
les
c
c
d t
h
e
o
p
h
t
s exp
o
f a
t
p
m
a o
hr
r s
e B
s
o
r
p
a
e
e o
t, s
in
t
im
a
o
k
e ide
o
i
p
t
h t
a
a
et K
u
n fac
u
o l
d b
h
h
ej
n
y t
o
d n
t
lifa,
p
a
e o
e M
p
. I
s left f
e
n-
h
t
er t
Mashriqi was expected by the British to speak t too late. In fact, some of the Muslim and non- r rejected the idea of appointing a puppet Khalifa, li liphate is left for some other time.” ”
c
f t
M
e
e
in
i
m
iqi wa
e i
t
o s
g a p
.
s
lim a
e
e
s
h
ts. H
Muslim supporters of the Movement, includ-
l
s t
e de
es
u
de
i
t a
g t
t
o h
t
un
e desir
h
m
o
h
a
in
n
d r
t
r
e
e
e
u
o
d t
h
e O
ld n
lic
b
s
v
s
in
out against the Ottomans to help remove public M u s lim s u p p o r t er s o f t h e M o v em en t, in c l ud - as that would never bring the desired results. He Mashriqi astounded the delegates with his
u
a
t w
h
o
s
M
a
lega
u
a
iqi a
o
em
p r
h hi
er b
s
ga
hr
t
es w
e p
l
t
v
e
t t
o
s t
u
s.
ug
r
u
t a
g M.K. Ga
iqi r
e
c
v
e
e B
mf
d t
i
l
r
d f
e
e
a
p
lim
ef
e
ui
u
cr
m
t
h
s
e
t
i
h
l t
t
e
e
en
o
t
o M
r t
l
y r
o
i
n
u
es
h
hi
a
s s
o
h
ga
e h
es
s
e
d
hi
ld a
f
t
u
, h
in
s
o
a
ep w
ad ac
t
d
in
ld b
t t
t t
en
a
l s
h
h; m
h
y exp
s
r
d t
t t
t
n
r resentment against the British. Mashriqi refused ing M.K. Gandhi, had actively recruited for the f felt that this step would be harmful to Muslims. b bold and thoughtful speech; many expressed that
s
h. M
s
n
hr
a
h
hic
e
uen
d p
o
ce t
t
lo
He stated, “[translation]…Khilafat only suits
ces in WWI, w
o
m
ad le
a
t a
h h
o
q
un
n
h
n e
o t
n
r
e O
t
h a
d t
d s
s a
e
t to denounce the Ottomans and his non-coopera- - Allied Forces in WWI, which had led to the H e s t a t e d , “[t ra n s l a t io n]…K hi l a fa t o n l y s ui ts they had not heard such an eloquent and power- -
n-co
d hi
uc
t h
o den
p
ad n
e
y h
w
a
s n
A
era
o
r
er
t
o
d F
o
l
n
o
h
lie
e
e o
r
n
e o
o
der w
e
h
m
a
f M
h
. A
’
u
e a
u
t o
l
i
i
l
l b
s a
O
s a r
hi
def
t
s s
e
er m
t
l s
e
g
er
ef
n
ude (o
e
d
d
hr
c
e
ir
t
f e
i
a
n
t
d
en
h b
a
t
iqi
h,
d
t
r
n Em
er
c
n w
t
n t
os
p
a
h
a
t tive attitude (on this and other matters of educa- - defeat of the Ottoman Empire and endangered a person whose order will be obeyed. A mere f ful speech before. As a result of Mashriqi’s speech,
s
uc
a p
p
s o
e
s
e
o
er
o
a
o
t
y
p
e
e
f
d o
es
d
. A m
er
b
t
v
t
a
e
e
n
li
n
io
e in
e a
s...
s
p
ra
e
w
a
t
e de
f t
o
b
p
bs
p
s
io
en
e
d
t
p
l
en
h
h
s a
in
et
h i
ad C
les
a
r
t
h
lifa.
t
o
lega
io
t
v
h
g
o
f t
him
n o
lic
e K
em
d
y)
e
a
a
a
t
s
e
e
e
s
h
es a
u
e
t
figur
t tion policy) strained relations between him and t the existence of the institution of the Khalifa. figurehead Caliph is absolutely meaningless...” t the delegates approved the aforementioned
en
i
nin
f
t
n
u
t
io
l
o
h
d
h
n
”
e exi
y m
l
r
e
e
r
ce o
d t
m
i
s
sr).
u
t,
t
s
g
u
s un
p
s
e
h.
e p
es
e
n
s
h
o
o
s
os
s
h
r
a
h b
u
din
h
t
o
t
l
a
nim
a
e
A
h
l
r
d t
t
hi
m
o
r
s
n
l
t
d
o
(K
hr
o
er
t the British. As a result, he was demoted from his Now these same supporters were demanding (Khitab-e-Misr). three proposals unanimously and the fourth by
hi
p
b-e-M
a
a
e f
t
er
dem
t
e
N
s
dem
wa
w
e
y a
w
r
es
B
y
a
r
ur
i
e
i
f
p
o
e
n o
er 15, 1919 t
u
h
a
der S
e
n
f t
U
a m
t
cr
h
During his address, Mashriqi outlined a
i
et
o
e o
s
io
s co
t
r
t
e
c
s wa
j
f t
e
a
o
r
y v
n O
Under Secretary position on October 15, 1919 to t the protection of the institution of the Khalifa. D ur in g hi s addr es s, M a s hr iqi o u t lin e d a a majority vote. This was considered one of the
osi
t
e
y p
n o
a
io
t
lifa.
sider
i
io
. Thi
e K
b
o
n o
f t
d o
e
t
h
h
t
n
o
e p
n
t
o
r
t
c
h
e in
v
c
t H
e
u
Mashriqi saw that the Movement was poorly or-
o
Headmaster of Government High School (GHS) M a s hr iqi s a w t h a t t h e M o v em en t wa s p o o r l y o r - b broader set of reasons why he felt the Muslims cr o w nin g v ic t o r ies in M a s hr iqi ’ s c a r e er , a s h e h ad
l (GHS)
s
e M
s
t t
h
a
a
e f
l
ader s
e
h S
f G
lim
en
n
adm
y h
t
o
H
er o
ig
h
s
h
o
et o
f r
e
er
crowning victories in Mashriqi’s career, as he had
o
nm
s w
o
s
r
o
en
in Peshawar. Two days later, Mashriqi joined
were facing their current circumstances and
y
t
sf
e
m
e
l
u
l
h
e
in P es h a wa r . T w o d a ys l a t er , M a s hr iqi j o in e d ga nize d a n d w o u ld o n l y le ad t o f ur t h er mi s er y w er e facin g t h eir c ur r en t cir c um s t a n ces a n d successfully thwarted the appointment of the
t
s
h
ucces
r
p
h
ganized and would only lead to further misery
t
d
t
f
a
t
t
o
wa
in
p
d t
h
a
o
g
e c
s
GHS (on October 21, 1919). for the migrants. He also recognized that passing o outlined a program to address these challenges. B r i t i s h s p o n s o r e d K in g F a ud a s K h a lifa, a t t h e
cog
h
n O
n
ra
b
r
British sponsored King Faud as Khalifa, at the
sin
es
o addr
og
g
h
l
a
len
s
e a
es
u
e
o
lin
l
c
f
h
t p
es.
ts. H
t
a
ra
d a p
GHS (o
t
m t
nize
e mig
o r
s t
r t
er 21, 1919).
e
ir
r
a
er
o
s, de
h
’
i
er
s
o
t
s
f
t
f t
u
hr
h Em
es
i
es, a
t
in
e
p
nizin
ga
li
iqi
l
m
w
s g
l
io
n
F
e
u
t M
n
A r o un d t h e s a m e t im e , t h e K hi l a fa t M o v e - r resolutions, delivering speeches, and organizing For example, Mashriqi felt that Muslims focused height of the British Empire’s global power.
p
u
e
s
Around the same time, the Khilafat Move-
eig
e
a
p
f
t o
o
a
.
c
s
h
l p
lo
d o
,
t
M
h
e
v
lim
h
g s
g
h
o
r
le
b
r
e B
s
d
c
exa
g
d o
w
a
e
ft
r
a
hr
s b
p
h o
l
t
o wa
n I
a
er (p
e
s
n
o
o m
n M
d b
a
a
uc
B
s (w
r
o
h
t
o
e h
t
e
o
er
r
y M
w
h
h
le
s
n t
ga
u
iqi
hi
’
a
w
t do
t
hin
s s
er
r
d in a
o
t
r
es
t
e
t (KM) wa
l
lies
yt
r
en
o
p
t
v
es
a
e
ra
n
n
o p
r
ld
m
ment (KM) was started in an effort to preserve protest rallies would not do anything worthwhile too much on the hereafter (propagated by Maul- - Based on Mashriqi’s (who was born In- -
o
o
t t
n eff
u
i
in
r
i
ld
t
n) o
u
u
r
v
u
t p
l r
t
t h
e
h
eg
h
e in
a
o
d
g t
e
o t
en t
s
t
t
r
e B
n
a
ya
hi
h
e K
h
w
ts
h K
h
lifa. W
n
t
o
a
h
h
e lif
a
din
le ig
n
e M
o
l
i
f
n o
s), w
io
t
ademic cr
u
v
’
e a
a
f t
g ac
er
o
l
a
s m
os
e – t
im
g
h
t the institution of the Khalifa. When the Move- - t to the world’s most powerful regime – the Brit- - vis), while ignoring the life at hand. According ayatullah Khan) outstanding academic creden- -
e w
. A
h
den
r
din
cco
iqi
p
v
. M
s
r
lie
n
s a
l-Azh
s o
i
a
d t
en
sio
, t
e
n, t
e s
iqi b
f A
s t
s a
ad le
u
o M
h Em
m en t wa s a t i ts p e a k, I s l a mic s c h o l a r s i s s ue d a i ish Empire. Mashriqi believed the Movement t to Mashriqi, this approach had led Muslims to t tials and vision, the scholars of Al-Azhar Uni- -
ment was at its peak, Islamic scholars issued a
em
t
hi
ac
a
s
e
h h
r U
s
a
o
ni
d M
lim
hr
e M
o
hr
h
s
p
i
h
l
o
h
p
ir
l
o
v
a
a
d v
c
e
r
t
a a
in
r-
in
p
ies
m
r
w
t
o
le o
m
s
r
i
lo
exp
o
s
co
i
D
u
n him t
c
lin
t
d
s a
r
n
g) de
t
r
es
r
v
u
y b
a
l r
t
wa
a
a
a
h
di
o
b
id
e t
o
o
l
f
fatwa (formal ruling) declaring India as a Dar- wa s des t in e d f o r co m p let e fa i l ur e . M a s hr iqi wa s a avoid contributing towards discoveries or explo- - versity bestowed upon him the title of Allama
v
er
f
a
o
a
was destined for complete failure. Mashriqi was
(f
g I
di
v
l
at
n
d u
Al
g
e
w
t
er
co
si
iqi
ge
q
s
S
as
t
L
Eas
M
r
i
M

hr
h
t
or
i
f
er
ul-Harb (home of war) and asked people to move
e
contacted by leading Khilafat leaders, including
.
s
’
a
h
a
t
a
o
u l-H a r b (h o m e o f wa r) a n d a s k e d p e o p le t o m o v e co n t ac t e d b y le adin g K hi l a fa t le ader s, in c l udin g Mashriqi or Sage of the East. Later Mashriqi’s
h wa
n
e
D
u
e
li
o
g
y in E
n
u
n
li J
m
yp
p
n
n
d n
a
a
mm
ace). A
r a
e
t to a Dar-ul-Aman (home of peace). As a result t Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar and Maulana s speech was published not only in Egypt but
l
l
a
h
a
es
h
r
o
a M
o a
a
a
o
e
s a r
u
h
c
f p
a
t
s
l
m
-u
M
a
a
d M
l
t b
s p
ad A
l-A
e o
t o
u
a
(h
u
b
u
n
a
o f t h e fa t wa, t h er e wa s a l a r g e-s c a le ex o d u s o f Abul Kalam Azad, to join the Khilafat Movement t Mashriqi had strong “feelings thousands of copies were distributed in many
b
, t
of the fatwa, there was a large-scale exodus of
fa
a
e
m
di
d
t
hi
in t
l
v
o
en
o
h
s
w
e
er
co
s
A
i
u
y
l K
a
h
t M
o j
l
s
n
m Azad
o
f
e K
u
b
u
r
d
a
in
em
t
t
a
o
p
ies
n.
h
y t
people from India, primarily to Afghanistan. and support the Hijrat Movement. Considering for the Muslim people of the co un t r ies. I n B r i t i s h I n di a, t h e A ra b ic s p e e c h wa s
u
r
r
o
n
o
v
le f
e
d
em
t
a
r
n
g
i
in
p
t.
e
ni
a
im
i
countries. In British India, the Arabic speech was
fg
t
o
p
t
jra
M
t
o
l
p
s
p
r
en
a
sider
m I
o
n
h
a
H
s
a, p
di
o A
C
t
o
H
o
s
o
em
t
u a
r
U
v
t.
n
n
i
en
era
Thi
jra
M
a
d
This was known as the Hijrat Movement. A large the overall circumstances, it was not appropriate t translated into Urdu and published from Am- -
n
t
e
g
t
o
h
n
cir
t
d f
k
s
e
o
n
a
li
b
t
v
i
r
l
a
w
s
l
e
ra
p
o
s
r
s
p
m A
o
h
wa
a
i
e
m
wa
s
t
r
p
n
l
r
d
t
p
e
s
l
t a
ces,
A
e
d in
c
um
h
a
u
d t
n a
co
a
number of people sold their homes, land, live-
n um b er o f p e o p le s o ld t h eir h o m es, l a n d , li v e - f for Mashriqi to support the Movement. Indian Sub-Continent” (Dawn, ritsar. The speech contributed to an awakening
i
r
o s
a
r M
h
o
u
g
iqi t
b
enin
h
u
e
t.
t t
ts
p
a
r
wa
hr
c
en
Th
p
t
e
i
o
.
k
r
t
o
p
r
v
e
em
e M
o
e s
n
s
o
l Em
a
o
n
ug
t
g
c
e M
cog
h
in many regions against the suppressive rule of
k, a
r dir
e
e
p a
h
nizin
in
h
lo
f t
h
t
g t
n
d o
gs f
e
e
s stock, and other belongings for dirt cheap and Recognizing the loss of the Mughal Empire Aug. 28, 1963) and could in m a n y r eg io n s a ga in s t t h e s u p p r es si v e r u le o f
R
s o
a
h
p
er b
d
e los
n
ir
t c
Em
t
n
w t
i
r
t
s
t
o
h
o
a
e
e O
t
i
h
B
h
d n
l
n
left the country. The British feared that the surg-
d
in
f
n Em
ir
nfa
, a
e
left t h e co un t r y . Th e B r i t i s h f e a r e d t h a t t h e s ur g - and now the Ottoman Empire and the continu- - the British Empire, and so, the downfall of the
e co
a
w
t
h
h
t
h
e a
e
,
n
s
l
t
o
p
do
e
ir
o
d t
m
u
p
n
o
c
ing migration out of the country would deepen
u
p
e o
n
in g mig ra t io n o u t o f t h e co un t r y w o u ld de ep en ous and rapid decline of Muslims (because of f not be bought with titles and Em p ir e b ega n.
a
s
s a
u
e
id de
s
c
e o
u
f M
d ra
s (b
Empire began.
lin
lim
t (a
co
u
en
er hi
h
hr
gs), M
d E
r
s r
’
t a
n
o
o
d co
p
m E
w
es
en
d t
ft
g
t
e p
yp
s
a
m
h
A
h
e),
em a
o
e
et
t
s r
o
p
ur
t t
iqi de
le
ld
s
eir o
n s
n f
ga
t
r
cide
min
in
n
ur
h
o
t the people’s resentment against them and could their own shortcomings), Mashriqi decided to high-ranking positions. He After his return from Egypt (and Europe),
w o
ad t
ks
undo the situation by guiding the Muslims. He
f t
iqi l
u
eir r
hr
t
e
en
o
s K
le in
v
un
o a
a
a
l
y le
a
hr
e
h
v
l
o
c
eventually lead to an overthrow of their rule in un do t h e si t u a t io n b y guidin g t h e M u s lim s. H e in 1930, Mashriqi launched his Khaksar Move- -
e
h
a
d hi
r M
u
s
in 1930, M
v
n o
h
er
t
a
h
i
e B
e
r
d a
n
o
er
e
u
ment to implement the program that he had cov-
a. Th
l
I India. The British were also concerned about the em b a r k e d o n w r i t in g hi s b o o k T azk i r a h , in w hic h declined both offers presented m en t t o im p lem en t t h e p r og ra m t h a t h e h ad co v -
b
s
o co
di
e a
t t
i
embarked on writing his book Tazkirah, in which
n
s
cer
n
h w
t
d t
hin
o
l
h
in
ered in his speech in Egypt. Mashriqi followed
a
e
l
e
e r
s
s
e r
a
h
h
s b
e exp
e
d fa
n
e a
d t
n
d a m a g e t o t h eir r ep u t a t io n a r o un d t h e w o r ld . he explained the reasons behind the rise and fall l by Grant. He also informed the er e d in hi s s p e e c h in E g yp t. M a s hr iqi f o l lo w e d
i
damage to their reputation around the world.
o
As it turned out, Peshawar (where Mashriqi
A s i t t ur n e d o u t, P es h a wa r (w h er e M a s hr iqi of nations and interpreted the Holy Qur’an in up his previous book, Tazkirah, with additional l
n
ur
n in
p
t
f n
e H
u
s a
h
’
a
e
r
a
T
v
azk
r
i
p
r
d in
et
y Q
l
o
u
o
s b
t
io
er
io
t
p
o
a
k,
a
io
hi
s
t
n
i
d t
n
e
h addi
h
, w
a
e
in
s
t
r
a
e
c
o
er) b
works to enlighten the people. In 1931, he pub-
k
i
m
adm
e
h
ep
e
a
w
was working as Headmaster) became the epi- - lig h t o f s cien ce . I n t h e b o o k M a s hr iqi a l s o di s - rulers that if they continued to w o r ks t o en lig h t en t h e p e o p le . I n 1931, h e p u b -
s
light of science. In the book Mashriqi also dis-
wa
s H
t
g
s
e
f s
em
s
ce o
cien
d p
v
cen t er o f t h e mig ra t io n. K n o w in g M a s hr iqi ’ s cussed peace and the importance of science (a pressure him, he would resign lished Isha’rat and later Qual-e-Faisal on Novem- -
center of the migration. Knowing Mashriqi’s
u
u
h
a
n
Q
a’
l-e-F

a
o
s
I
p
d t

a
n
d l
a
t
a
e im
r
h
t
er
i
ace a
ce (a
c
o
a
l
t
n N
l
n
o
e
she
a
i
d
s
r
t
o
s
t b
infl
a
er 15, 1935. Th
er t
e fir
uni
v
v
s
uen
mm
ra
field where Muslims were hardly contributing).
l
o
n
ce o
h
l
e M
ir A
k p
r
lim co
y
influence over the Muslim community, Sir Al- - fie ld w h er e M u s lim s w er e h a r d l y co n t r i b u t in g). from Government service. As a b ber 15, 1935. The first book provides “[transla- -
, S
u
o
ides “[t
s
o
f fred Hamilton Grant (Chief Commissioner of f Th e b o o k e a r n e d w o r ld w ide acc l a m a t io n a n d tion] the sole method and practical solution to
o
io
t
r
h
l
h
io
t
t
n
n] t
ra
t (C
n
d p
rac
d a
n G
n t
The book earned worldwide acclamation and
hief C
l s
d H
u
m
mi
n
a
o
o
sio
le
l
s
mmi
et
er o
t
o
a
e
e s
o
ic
g in
make Muslims powerful again.” The second work
o
w
lo
in
l
was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature
r
r
s f
t
uc
io
n
o
s
NWFP), following instructions from his su- - wa s n o min a t e d f o r t h e N o b e l P r ize in L i t era t ur e result of Mashriqi’s rebuff of the m a k e M u s lim s p o w er f u l a ga in. ” Th e s e co n d w o r k
NWFP), f
u
t
m hi
s s
t
discusses “[translation] the downfall of nations
s
t
l
er
a
es
y E
d W
o
r
a
er
h
periors, invited Mashriqi for a meeting. Upon
n
n s
c
s.
n a
p er io r s, in v i t e d M a s hr iqi f o r a m e et in g . U p o n b by Eastern and Western scholars. British offer, their relationship di s c u s s es “[t ra n s l a t io n] t h e do w nfa l l o f n a t io n s
hr
iqi
a
d i
p
ur
let
t
e - a co
f M
e
’
io
den
u
e in
g o
n
er
m
a
a
r
s o
et
s
a
nin
t
r
p
ts c
n
a
e
ts
t
L
f t
n o
g cr
h
e
hi s a r r i va l t o t h e m e et in g , M a s hr iqi wa s g i v en Learning of Mashriqi’s outstanding creden- - and its cure - a complete interpretation of the
his arrival to the meeting, Mashriqi was given
din
i
r
m
” H
em
ei
h
a
h
e
v
l-I
s ide
i
A
y wa
a
l-Azh
K
s
og
r
a red-carpet welcome. During the discussion,
o
ks
S
o
e
en
a r e d-c a r p et w e lco m e . D ur in g t h e di s c u s sio n, tials, Sheikh-ul-Islam of the renowned Al-Azhar went from bad to worse. Khaksar Movement program.” His ideology was
r M
d
ra
k
t
t p
a
t
h
a
n
h-u
l
m.
f
o
s
en
a
l
o
log
s,
w
r
er
em
in
o
a
d
s j
l
h
sf
v
t o
University (Egypt) and Shaykh Muhammad Abu
Grant offered Mashriqi the Ambassadorship to
b
n m
e
ucces
o s
lio
er 5 mi
G ra n t o ff er e d M a s hr iqi t h e A m b a s s ado r s hi p t o U ni v er si t y (E g yp t) a n d S h a y k h M u h a mm ad A b u s so successful that over 5 million members joined
l t
u
le o
o
hr
c
a
o
h
e
io
d
t
i
n
i
h
t
n o
A
s
e s
t
a
l-G
iqi
ni
s
v
uc
d
t
ad
e
i
t
en
Afghanistan in 1920 and Knighthood (title of f a al-Fadl Al-Gizawi invited Mashriqi to attend ration of the world because so much was focused hi s K h a ks a r M o v em en t a lo n g w i t h m a n y mi l -
f t
l
in
h wa
fg
w
s
a
d (t
u
o
s
n in 1920 a
nig
ld b
d
M
r
t
o
a
c
A
iza
l-F
ra
his Khaksar Movement along with many mil-
e
t
a
u
t
d K
e w
o m
h
s f
h
o
t
Sir) in 1921 in exchange for his public support of f t the International Khilafat Conference in Cairo o on the afterlife. Mashriqi’s point was that the lio n s o f addi t io n a l f o l lo w er s a n d s u p p o r t er s. Th e
M
S
o
u
o
n
nf
e
s
s
er
h
hi
p
ft
g
lif
e f
t
io
l
h
t o
o
t
a
er
u
a
’
t
r hi
e
t C
a
r
lions of additional followers and supporters. The
t
er
p
s p
ir) in 1921 in ex
lic s
t
s
n
h
t
n
n
ce in C
iqi
p
ir
en
o
l K
b
in
a
a
o
hr
e I
n
h
fa
wa
.
a
a
a
e
c
h
s p
ft
i
y o
y
e
e co
t t
lif
r
n
im
Movement also established branches in a num-
er
l
t
f 1926. Th
k
r
h
e
nf
a
British policy regarding the Khilafat Movement
B r i t i s h p o lic y r ega r din g t h e K hi l a fa t M o v em en t in May of 1926. The conference was primarily life here and after were interlinked and that the M o v em en t a l s o es t a b li s h e d b ra n c h es in a n um -
d t
er
h
e a
in M
d a
en
a
ce wa
d a
lin
e in
er w
er
a
n
e h
er
o r
in
s
r
p
ies t
e
lim
t
d p
p
a
un
a
t
o
e
f M
ur
u
s f
a
lifa
s
o s
o
. H
e
s
s
n
t
b
a
n
er o
ld wa
o
les
r
(w
co
en
t
d
wa
e
d
d eff
o
t
o
v
K
e
y
w
ts t
a
es.
w
r
n
h
s
l
p t
e
e ex
d
s n
e s
t cr
m
a
o
ac
o
o
f co
h t
o
os
t
t
a and efforts to stop the exodus of Muslims from convened to appoint a new Khalifa (who was world was not created purposelessly. He stated ber of countries to reach the masses.
h
e m
r
e
h
u
h
s o
p
l
a.
e B
n
es).
cen
a
di
s
e
h
i
e “[T
t t
r
hin
I India. to be chosen by the British behind the scenes). t that the “[Translation] the main objective of the Th e K h a ks a r M o v em en t b e c a m e s o p o w -
d t
t
h
i
s
h
h b
t
ra
n
a
n] t
e s
h
io
o b
b
h
t
h
j
y t
e o
os
e c
The Khaksar Movement became so pow-
e m
a
c
en b
f t
t
in o
v
e
h
i
e
y i
io
d t
s a
t
o
e
hr
ni
a
M
n
n
u
io
iqi h
s in
t
hi
lin
t
But Mashriqi had strong “feelings for the Mashriqi considered this invitation as an op- - creation of humanity is the exploration of the er f u l t h a t, des p i t e a l l i ts mig h t, t h e B r i t i s h Em -
h
o
f h
sider
t
n a
r
n o
n o
um
v
h
ad s
t
f t
B
cr
io
gs f
ra
iqi co
i
g “
a
a
e
e
t M
p
s t
t
r t
a
hr
h
e
s
e
e exp
s
f
e
lo
erful that, despite all its might, the British Em-
a
n o
os
t
u
a f
s
Muslim people of the Indian Sub-Continent” portunity to propose the criteria for a powerful l uni v er s e ” a n d t h a t “ t o h a v e a s u p r em ac y o f t h e p pire could not crush the Movement. The British
a
i
di
M
i
n S
u
r a p
n
s
h t
e t
en
e
e B
universe” and that “to have a supremacy of the
o
s
o
p
en
y t
w
i
lim p
f
r
er
er
t
t
t. Th
t
u
o
h
o p
t
e co
h
i
h
e M
r
e I
”
p
ir
em
u
le o
f t
o
e cr
v
uni
u
b-C
ld n
o
t
in
p
h
r
o
o
t cr
n
o
ug
l
A
a
a
. 28, 1963) a
ug
q
,
s
o
b
r
u
ug
a
h
n i
d ac
o
t
b
e
u
le a
t s
r
a
s
a
e
n
w
s
t
f
f
n
v
aw
o
uir
a
K
li
l
o
m
io
a
a
er
o
n
ler
t
lifa, es
f
r
K
h
mic Or
n
e
ld
( (Dawn, Aug. 28, 1963) and could not be bought t Khalifa, establish an International Islamic Or- - world, constant struggle and action is required.” . ” r rulers became so fearful of the Khaksar Move- -
M
c
t
h a
a
e
o
r
t b
t
n I
io
e
u
l I
ks
t
e
n
e b
s
h
e
n
g
a
d co
s r
d
t
n
ld n
, co
s
D
h
n
s.
w
s p
e
with titles and high-ranking positions. He de- - ga niza t io n (o r L e a gue o f M u s lim N a t io n s), a n d I In his speech, Mashriqi outlined a program ment’s plan to overturn their rule, that they had
, t
in
p
n t
k
’
eir r
d hig
n
h-ra
u
H
u
l
n
t
e
lin
en
a
ganization (or League of Muslim Nations), and
o o
i
a
n
a
s s
o
h
io
t
m
y h
h
ra
t
le
h
n
hi
a p
og
er
p
e
i
osi
ad
a
h, M
iqi
t
s
g
les
e
h
r
t
n t
c
d
t
t t
ur
e de
hr
m
v
t
u
s
er
a
d S
s
no choice left but to abandon their rule in India
y
r
o
i
ce
o b
e
en
b
s
b
s
g a
h
y G
present his suggestions for the return to Muslim
d b
ff
n
n
s p
e a
. S
es
r
in
lin
lim r
o
t
h o
e
u
a
d b
a
c clined both offers presented by Grant. He also p r es en t hi s s ug g es t io n s f o r t h e r et ur n t o M u s lim to bring about a Muslim renaissance. Syed Shab- - n o c h o ice left b u t t o a b a n do n t h eir r u le in I n di a
t
t
o
e
t. H
en
ra
l
t a M
en
h
u
a
s
a
deur
er
ize
ir H
r
in 1947 (m
s
s
l
t
b
inf o r m e d t h e r u ler s t h a t if t h e y co n t in ue d t o g grandeur. He also considered the conference bir Hussain summarized Mashriqi’s words in his in 1947 (much of the established history around
o co
r
e
f t
ra
. H
e co
s
d hi
li
d
o
n
informed the rulers that if they continued to
e a
r
o
ce
s in hi
’
r
s
in s
umm
sider
uc
iqi
d M
s
s
a
b
s w
h
e es
e
nf
d
n
a
h
hr
d t
un
t
y a
h o
o
r
A
n a
t
d G
s
di
p
o
k
h
m G
r
v
n
o
t
m
n o
t
y t
o
s
t
a
uni
k,
ur
e
e w
i: Th
o m
en
nm
n f
i
en
e
et w
do
i
d p
pressure him, he would resign from Government t a an opportunity to meet with delegates and pre- - b book, Al-Mashriqi: The Disowned Genius: : Pakistan and India’s freedom movement is fab-
i
r
o
er
l-M
n
lega
n
s
’
as
e
e D
e
P
s
i
p
r
h de
r
r
q
o
es a
a
o
p
e
esig
t
u
n
d I
u
ld r
w
o
e him, h
a
i
es
s f
le
ice
ler
d f
e r
a
l wa
u
s
g B
. Th
rad
r
u
p
r
v
i
a
h co
s t
l r
a
e g
a
e t
t p
t M
din
’
a
r en
k
p
un
e
s
er
i
iqi
H
c
s [M
s] fir
er
s
e s
s service. The rulers were shocked at Mashriqi’s pare the ground for ending British colonial rule. . “His [Mashriqi’s] first proposal was to grad- - ricated and needs to be re-written).
o
o g
h
iqi
s
hr
o
i
o
d a
ni
o
r
s
r
lo
hr
t
h
’
os
s w
“
n
u
lim co
a
y M
d s
er
s m
in
t
em in e
s
y e
o
s o
os
un
t I
n M
a
ci
a
lim
, a
le
t
u
u
v
Mashriqi accepted the invitation to attend the
l
p
p
principled stance, as most Indian Muslims or M a s hr iqi accep t e d t h e in v i t a t io n t o a t t en d t h e ually evolve a system in every Muslim country As for the Khilafat Movement, it neither
r
r
ce
n
di
l
s
r
v
v
t
e a sys
y
l
non-Muslims would have jumped at the oppor-
conference.
n o n-M u s lim s w o u ld h a v e j um p e d a t t h e o p p o r - co nf er en ce . un der w hic h e ac h m o h a l l a [t o w n, lo c a li t y , o r paid any dividend to the Turks nor put a dent
under which each mohalla [town, locality, or
r
After Mashriqi’s arrival in Egypt, delegates
io
neighborhood] would have a religious leader
t tunity to accept such prestigious and lucrative of- - A ft er M a s hr iqi ’ s a r r i va l in E g yp t, de lega t es n eig h b o r h o o d] w o u ld h a v e a r e lig io u s le ader into the British rule in India. When the Khila-
accep
t
es
s
o
h
t
ucra
s
t
t
n
ig
a
l
y
uni
e
p
f
uc
v
i
d
t
u
o
o
e
o
t
e
a
s a r
b
f E
in
] t
era
e
ud o
h
m K
uff o
g
f A
r
a
v
s r
l-
’
er
o
e lin
o b
h
k
c
e
i
l
i
u
s o
h v
a
hr
ug
D
hr
s
l
d t
s
yp
l s
f t
r
l
g F
en
t, s
f M
er
f
h
l
a
t o
i M
e
es
iqi
i
s. A
u
g
e
r
d
e B
f fers. As a result of Mashriqi’s rebuff of the British from King Faud of Egypt, several scholars of Al- [ [Deeni Mudeer] to be linked through village fat Movement collapsed in 1924 (the same year
m
o
hi
] w
m b
o w
h a R
n
io
s [
io
a
o
e ex-A
h
w
ni
o
y
s
en
A
ni
er
ader
o
o
r
e
s
d t
u
mir o
a
t
li I
i
h
e
p w
i
l
offer, their relationship went from bad to worse. . Azhar University, the ex-Amir of Tripoli Imam and town leaders [Deeni Amil] with a Religious the institution of the Khalifa was abolished by
mi
n
er
s
f T
D
r U
m
eir r
t
n le
r
ff
r
, t
si
Azh
e
, t
t
e
t f
ad t
l
a
e
v
lig
p
a
h M
a
k
h
u
y
k
y
h a
h
f t
h
p
r
d hi
fa
l
u
a
e K
n (S
o
a
Ameer [Deeni Ameer] for each country. The Mot-
hi
t
p
er
n
h
hi
w
u
le
a
a
, s
si a
Meanwhile, supporters of the Khilafat t Shaykh al-Sanusi and his son (Shaykh Muham- - A m e er [ D e en i A m e er ] f o r e ac h co un t r y . Th e M o t - the Turks), Mashriqi’s prediction was proven
o
M
s o
l-Sa
n
s s
S
m
e
n
r [C
a
mad Idris Sanusi, who later became King of Lib-
t
en
m
ce/C
io
o
,
s
id
h
n], h
u
Movement continued passing resolutions and
en
M o v em en t co n t in ue d p a s sin g r es o l u t io n s a n d m ad I dr i s Sa n u si , w h o l a t er b e c a m e K in g o f L i b - a amar [Conference/Convention], he said, should correct. While Mashriqi was sympathetic to
nf
v
n
s
ld
o
o
a
e
er
s dep
p
h
a
e t
os
e s
e r
o
o
v
o r ga nizin g p r o t es t m a r c h es. Th e M o v em en t wa s ya and was deposed by Col. Muammar Gaddafi) have the responsibility to choose or remove such the Khilafat Movement, he felt that having an
organizing protest marches. The Movement was
n
r Gadd
y C
es
e o
n
h
uc
r r
li
e
l
o
i
mm
h
o c
os
a
t
. M
fi)
y t
em
h
ya a
b
a
v
si
d wa
d b
o
u
a
o w
i
e
lid
a
u
t o
t
deficien
s h
o m
o
o
f
u
lig
h
io
ld lo
o
n
o
s
ft
k a
t
et w
d
h M
a
iqi a
r
h
n A
s
o
hr
e
e t
ga
m
nize
e r
m
t hi
l
n
b
d
a
a
s
e
y di
era
s a
miserably disorganized and deficient of a solid c came to meet with Mashriqi at his hotel. l . an Ameer who would look after the religious and ineffective or British-sponsored Khalifa was
er t
mi
er w
d a
s
e
in
n
en
u
agenda to bring the desired results and Muslim On May 13, 1926, the opening day of the co l le c t i v e a ffa ir s o f t h e p e o p le . Thr o ug h t h e s e c - pointless. And so, while the Khilafat
es
y o
h
h
d r
o b
ts a
e o
a
p
collective affairs of the people. Through the sec-
r
g d
u
e
l
a
s
lim
h
g
e
a t
enin
e desir
a
On M
d
g t
y 13, 1926, t
f t
d M
ug
p
h
h
ts l
t t
s
a
r
un
ide
os
p r
v
a
hi
leadership remained divided over its launch. To co nf er en ce , M a s hr iqi addr es s e d t h e a t t en de es o ond proposal he sought to make the Motamar MASHRIQI, P24
k
o
o
in
a
ader
e M
e t
a
d di
o
r
e
d o
l h
a
t
n
er i
em
le
o
c
h. T
a
v
e s
d p
m
o m
conference, Mashriqi addressed the attendees
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